The missionaries go forth to Christianize the savages--as if the savages weren't dangerous enough already.
~
Who needs astrology? The wise man gets by on fortune cookies.
~
Preacher to me: "A dollar for the Lord, brother?" Me to preacher: "That's all right, I'm headed his way. I'll give it to him when I see him."
~
I hate intellectual discussion. When I hear the words "phenomenology" or "structuralism", I reach for my buck knife.
~
When I hear the word "culture", I reach for my checkbook.
~
Through logic and inference we can prove anything. Therefore, logic and inference, in contrast to ordinary daily living experience, are secondary instruments of knowledge. Probably tertiary.
~
The gurus come from the sickliest nation on earth to tell us how to live. And we pay them for it.
~
My cousin Elroy spent seven years as an IBM taper staring at THINK signs on the walls before he finally got a good idea: He quit.
~
The world is older and bigger than we are. This is a hard truth for some folks to swallow.
~
I do not believe in personal immortality; it seems so unnecessary. Show me one man who deserves to live forever.
~
Better a cruel truth than a comfortable delusion.
~
What is the purpose of the giant sequoia tree? The purpose of the giant sequoia tree is to provide shade for the tiny titmouse.
~
We live in a time of twin credulities: the hunger for the miraculous combined with a servile awe of science. The mating of the two gives us superstition plus scientism--a Mongoloid metaphysic.
~
There is science, logic, reason; there is thought verified by experience. And then there is California.
~
I would never betray a friend to serve a cause. Never reject a friend to help an institution. Great nations may fall in ruin before I would sell a friend to save them.
~
Cold morning on Aztec Peak Fire Lookout. First, build fire in old stove. Second, start coffee. Then, heat up last night's pork chops and spinach for breakfast. Why not? And why the hell not?
~
All forms of government are pernicious, including good government.
~
The best cure for the ills of democracy is more democracy.
~
Civilization, like an airplane in flight, survives only as it keeps going forward.
~
Anarchy works. Italy has proved it for a thousand years.
~
All revolutions have failed? Perhaps. But rebellion for good cause is self- justifying--a good in itself. Rebellion transforms slaves into human beings, if only for an hour.
~
Men love their ideas more than their lives. And the more preposterous the idea, the more eager they are to die for it. And to kill for it.
~
Nothing can excel a few days in jail for giving a young man or woman a quick education in the basis of industrial society.
~
In a nation of sheep, one brave man forms a majority.
~
Filling out the form: Race? Human. Religion? Paiute. Occupation? Criminal anarchy. Hobbies? Survival with honor.
~
The "terror" of the French Revolution lasted for ten years. The terror that preceded and led to it lasted for a thousand years.
~
Counterpart to the knee-jerk liberal is the new knee-pad conservative, always groveling before the rich and the powerful.
~
Spartacus, like Jesus, was also crucified by the Romans. And for equally good reasons.
~
Representative government has broken down. Our politicians represent not the people who vote for them but the commercial interests who finance their election campaigns. We have the best politicians that money can buy.
~
Except for the scale of the operation, there was nothing unusual about Hitler's massacre of the Jews. Genocide's an old tradition, as human as mother love or cherry pie.
~
The rebel is doomed to a violent death. The rest of us can look forward to sedated expiration in a coma inside an oxygen tent, with tubes inserted in every bodily orifice.
~
By the age of forty, a man is responsible for his face. And his fate.
~
For this world that men have made, none of us is bad enough. For the world that made us, none is good enough.
~
Men have never loved one another much, for reasons we can readily understand: Man is not a lovable animal.
~
Epitaphs for a gravestone: Please: no hooliganism; or "Es prohibe se hace agua aqui"; or No comment.
~
Life is too tragic for sadness: Let us rejoice.
~
Most of us lead lives of chaotic improvisation from day to day, bawling for peace while plunging grimly into fresh disorders.
~
As a confirmed melancholic, I can testify that the best and maybe only antidote for melancholia is *action*. However, like most melancholics, I suffer also from sloth.
~
If my decomposing carcass helps nourish the roots of a juniper tree or the wings of a vulture--that is immortality enough for me. And as much as anyone deserves.
~
By the age of eighteen, a human has acquired enough joy and heartache to provide the food of reflection for a century.
~
Paradise for a happy man lies in his own good nature.
~
Nobody has so many friends that he can afford to lose one.
~
One must be reasonable in one's demands on life. For myself, all that I ask is: (1) accurate information; (2) coherent knowledge; (3) deep understanding; (4) infinite loving wisdom; (5) no more kidney stones, please.
~
"Welcome to the banquet of life," said a recent Pope, forgetting that most have to fight their way to the table.
~
Writing on the wall: "Will trade three blind crabs for two with no teeth."
~
To the intelligent man or woman, life appears infinitely mysterious. But the stupid have an answer for every question.
~
There comes a time in the life of us all when we must lay aside our books or put down our tools and leave our place of work and walk forth on the road to meet the enemy face-to-face. Once and for all and at last.
~
There is a wine called Easy Days and Mellow Nights, well-known on the outskirts of the Navajo reservation. It is an economical wine, fortified with the best of intentions, and I recommend it to every serious wino.
~
Life is too short for grief. Or regret. Or bullshit.
~
I intend to be good for the rest of my natural life--if I live that long.
~
Crossing the bar: "I want to buy a beer for every man in the house. If any."
~
The writer speaks not *to* his audience (who wants to listen to lectures?) but *for* them, expressing their thoughts and emotions through the imaginative power of his art.
~
Literary critics, like a herd of cows or a school of fish, always face in the same direction, obeying that love for unity that every critic requires.
~
Any hack can safely rail away at foreign powers beyond the sea; but a good writer is a critic of the society he lives in.
~
Anywhere, anytime, I'd sacrifice the finest nuance for a laugh, the most elegant trope for a smile.
~
Literature, like anything else, can become a wearisome business if you make a lifetime specialty of it. A healthy, wholesome man would no more spend his entire life reading great books than he would packing cookies for Nabisco.
~
Writers should avoid the academy. When a writer begins to accept pay for talking about words, we know what he will produce soon: nothing but words.
~
In art as in a boat, a bullet, or a coconut-cream pie, purpose determines form.
~
A shelf of classics for our young adults: Tolkien, Hesse, Casteneda, Kerouac, Salinger, Tom Robbins, and _The Last Whole Earth Catalog_.
~
A formal education can sometimes be broadening but more often merely flattens.
~
Style: There is something in too much verbal felicity (as in Joyce or Nabokov or Borges) that can betray the writer into technique for the sake of technique.
~
Desire lends strength. Aspiration creates inspiration, which, for the artist, is the breath of life.
~
The sneakiest form of literary subtlety, in a corrupt society, is to speak the plain truth. The critics will not understand you; the public will not believe you; your fellow writers will shake their heads. Laughter, praise, honors, money, and the love of beautiful girls will be your only reward.
~
Vladimir Nabokov was a writer who cared nothing for music and whose favorite sport was the pursuit, capture, and murder of butterflies. This explains many things; for example, the fact that Nabokov's novels, for all their elegance and wit, resemble nothing so much as butterflies pinned to a board: pretty but dead; symmetrical but stiff.
~
It is always dishonest for a reviewer to review the author instead of the author's book.
~
In art as in life, form and subject, body and soul, are one.
~
Shakespeare wrote great poetry and preposterous plays. Who really cares, for example, which petty tyrant rules Milan? Or who succeeds to the throne of Denmark? Or why the barons ganged up on Richard II?
~
Fence straddlers have no balls. In compensation, however, they enjoy a comfortable seat and can retreat swiftly, when danger threatens, to either side of the fence. There is something to be said for every position.
~
Edmund Wilson was our greatest American literary critic because he was more than a literary critic: He was a fearless, even radical judge of the society he lived in. (See, for example, A Piece of My Mind; The Cold War and the Income Tax; the introduction to Patriotic Gore.) Our conventional critics cannot forgive him for those scandalous lapses in good taste.
~
A good writer must have more than vin rose in his veins, use more than Chablis for ink.
~
Football is a game for trained apes. That, in fact, is what most of the players are--retarded gorillas wearing helmets and uniforms. The only thing more debased is the surrounding mob of drunken monkeys howling the gorillas on.
~
Trout fishing. One must be a stickler for proper form. Use nothing but #4 blasting caps. Or a hand grenade, if handy. Or at a pool well-lined with stone, one blast from a .44 magnum will bring a few stunned brookies quietly to the surface.
~
Baseball serves as a good model for democracy in action: Every player is equally important and each has a chance to be a hero.
~
As between the skulking and furtive poacher, who hunts for the sake of meat, and the honest gentleman shooter, who kills for the pleasure of sport, I find the former a higher type of humanity.
~
How did Haydn and Mozart produce such vast quantities of formally perfect art? They worked from a perfect formula. In music, Beethoven was the Great Emancipator.
~
The critics say that Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony has no form. They are wrong; it has the form of Shostakovich's Fourth Symphony.
~
"Rock": music to hammer out fenders by. Music for vomiting to after a hard day spreading asphalt. Vietnam music. Imitation-Afro, industrial air-compressor music.
~
Grand opera is a form of musical entertainment for people who hate music.
~
Opera: I like it, except for all those howling sopranos and caterwauling tenors. (Why can't tenors sing like men?)
~
The best argument for Christianity is the Gregorian chant. Listening to that music, one can believe anything--while the music lasts.
~
Music endures and ages far better than books. Books, made of words, are unavoidably attached to ideas, events, conflict, and history, but music has the power to transcend time. At least for a time. Palestrina sounds as fresh today as he did in 1555, but Dante, only three centuries older, already smells of the archaic, the medieval, the catacombs.
~
Mozart, striving for perfection, wrote the same symphony forty-one times. In his case, it worked. He wrote a perfect symphony.
~
Poor Dimitri Shostakovich: In the Soviet Union, he was condemned as being too radical; in the West, for being too conservative. He could please no one but the musical public. He revenged himself on both by writing a short piece called "March of the Soviet Police."
~
Why must love always be accompanied--sooner or later--by sorrow and pain? Why not? Because pure bliss is for pure idiots.
~
For women, the sexual act is a means to a higher end. For a man, it is an end in itself.
~
Abolition of a woman's right to abortion, when and if she wants it, amounts to compulsory maternity: form of rape by the State.
~
How to Avoid Pleurisy: Never make love to a girl named Candy on the tailgate of a half-ton Ford pickup during a chill rain in April out on Grandview Point in San Juan County, Utah.
~
A woman, as much as a man, is responsible by the age of forty for the character of her face. But women, obeying the biological imperative, strive harder to preserve a youthful appearance (the reproductive look) and lose it sooner.
~
It is time for us men to acknowledge not only that women are vastly superior beings (that's easy) but also that they are--in every way that matters--our *equals*. That's hard.
~
In the end, for all our differences and conflicts, most women and men share the same food, work, shelter, bed, life, joy, anguish, and fate. We need each other.
~
The feminist notion that the whole of human history has been nothing but a vast intricate conspiracy by men to enslave their wives, mothers, daughters, and sisters presents us with an intellectual neurosis for which we do not yet have a name.
~
No man-made structure in all of American history has been hated so much, by so many, for so long, with such good reason, as that Glen Canyon Dam at Page, Arizona, Shithead Capital of Coconino County.
~
What draws us into the desert is the search for something intimate in the remote.
~
Man's deliberate destruction of his own habitat--planet Earth--could serve as a mighty theme for a mighty book worthy of a modern Melville or Tolstoy. But our best fictioneers confine themselves to domestic drama--soap opera with literary trimmings.
~
There is this to be said for walking: It's the one mode of human locomotion by which a man proceeds on his own two feet, upright, erect, as a man should be, not squatting on his rear haunches like a frog.
~
The world exists for its own sake, not for ours. Swallow *that* pill!
~
Pure science is a myth: Both mathematical theoreticians like Albert Einstein and practical crackpots like Henry Ford dealt with different aspects of the same world.
~
What is reason? Knowledge informed by sympathy, intelligence in the arms of love.
~
High technology has done us one great service: It has retaught us the delight of performing simple and primordial tasks--chopping wood, building a fire, drawing water from a spring....
~
We spend more time working for our labor-saving machines than they do working for us.
~
Science transcends mere politics. As recent history demonstrates, scientists are as willing to work for a Tojo, a Hitler, or a Stalin as for the free nations of the West.
~
Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell.
~
You long for success? Start at the bottom; dig down.
~
The real work of men was hunting meat. The invention of agriculture was a giant step in the wrong direction, leading to serfdom, cities, and empire. From a race of hunters, artists, warriors, and tamers of horses, we degraded ourselves to what we are now: clerks, functionaries, laborers, entertainers, processors of information.
~
Our modern industrial economy takes a mountain covered with trees, lakes, running streams and transforms it into a mountain of junk, garbage, slime pits, and debris.
~
Wealth should come like manna from heaven, unearned and uncalled for. Money should be like grace--a gift. It is not worth sweating and scheming for.
~
There is no force more potent in the modern world than stupidity fueled by greed.
~
Among politicians and businessmen, *Pragmatism* is the current term for "To hell with our children."
~
The most common form of terrorism in the U.S.A. is that carried on by bulldozers and chain saws.
~
Why administrators are respected and schoolteachers are not: An administrator is paid a lot for doing very little, while a teacher is paid very little for doing a lot.
~
The dog's life is a good life, for a dog.
~
I wouldn't trade a good horse for the best Rolls-Royce ever made--unless I could trade the Rolls for two good horses.
~
The sexual revolution transformed the American West: Now even cowboys can get laid.
~
Page, Arizona, Shithead Capital of Coconino County: any town with thirteen churches and only four bars has got an incipient social problem. That town is looking for trouble.
~
A city man is a home anywhere, for all big cities are much alike. But a country man has a place where he belongs, where he always returns, and where, when the time comes, he is willing to die.
~
The Latino military fare badly when they stumble into war with the gringos. But in the torture, murder, and massacre of their own people, they have always performed with brilliance and elan.
~
Benedicto: May your trails be crooked, winding, lonesome, dangerous, leading to the most amazing view. May your mountains rise into and above the clouds. May your rivers flow without end, meandering through pastoral valleys tinkling with bells, past temples and castles and poets towers into a dark primeval forest where tigers belch and monkeys howl, through miasmal and mysterious swamps and down into a desert of red rock, blue mesas, domes and pinnacles and grottos of endless stone, and down again into a deep vast ancient unknown chasm where bars of sunlight blaze on profiled cliffs, where deer walk across the white sand beaches, where storms come and go as lightning clangs upon the high crags, where something strange and more beautiful and more full of wonder than your deepest dreams waits for you --- beyond that next turning of the canyon walls.
~
They cannot see that growth for the sake of growth is a cancerous madness, that Phoenix and Albuquerque will not be better cities to live in when their populations are doubled again and again. They would never understand that an economic system which can only expand or expire must be false to all that is human.
~
For a few moments we discover that nothing can be taken for granted , for if this ring of stone is marvelous, and our journey here on earth, able to see and touch and hear in the midst of tangible & mysterious things in themselves , is this most strange & daring of all adventures.
~
"At last the sun touched the skyline, merged with it for a moment in a final explosive blaze of light an heat and sank out of sight
~
Humans were free before the word *freedom* became necessary. Slavery is a cultural invention.
~
For myself I hold no preference among flowers, so long as they are wild, free, spontaneous.
~
For chrissake folks, what is this life of full of care we have no time to stand and stare?
~
For chrissake folks, what is this life of full of care we have no time to stand and stare?
~
They do not sweat and whine about their condition,
They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins....
~
This is what you shall do:
Love the earth and sun and animals. Stand up for the stupid and crazy. Take your hat off to no man.
~
"One final paragraph of advice: Do not burn yourself out. Be as I am-a reluctant enthusiast... a part time crusader, a half-hearted fanatic. Save the other half of yourselves and your lives for pleasure and adventure. It is not enough to fight for the land; it is even more important to enjoy it. While you can. While it is still there. So get out there and mess around with your friends, ramble out yonder and explore the forests, encounter the grizz, climb the mountains. Run the rivers, breathe deep of that yet sweet and lucid air, sit quietly for a while and contemplate the precious stillness, that lovely, mysterious and awesome space. Enjoy yourselves, keep your brain in your head and your head firmly attached to your body, the body active and alive, and I promise you this much: I promise you this one sweet victory over our enemies, over those deskbound people with their hearts in a safe deposit box and their eyes hypnotized by desk calculators. I promise you this: you will outlive the bastards."
~
Despite its clarity and simplicity, however, the desert wears at the same time, paradoxically, a veil of mystery. Motionless and silent it evokes in us an elusive hint of something unknown, unknowable, about to be revealed. Since the desert does not act it seems to be waiting-but waiting for what?
~
That which today calls itself science gives us more and more information, an indigestible glut of information, and less and less understanding.
~
The beauty of Delicate Arch explains nothing, for each thing in its way, when true to its own character, is equally beautiful.
~
The sign on the outhouse door which reads, "Attention: Watch out for rattlesnakes, coral snakes, whip snakes, vinegaroons, centipedes, millipedes, ticks, mites, black widows, cone-nosed kissing bugs, solpugids, tarantulas, horned toads, Gila monsters, red ants, fire ants, Jerusalem crickets, chinch bugs and Giant Hairy Desert Scorpions before being seated."
~
The silence - meaning here not the total absence of sounds, for the river and its canyons are bright with a native music - but rather the total absence of confusion and clamor,that would be the problem.
~
Sand becomes a part of our existence which, like breathing, we take for granted.
~
But love of the wilderness is more than a hunger for what is always beyond reach; it is also an expression of loyalty to the earth which bore us and sustains us, the only home we shall ever know, the only paradise we ever need - if only we had eyes to see.
~
The plow of mortality drives through the stubble, turns over rocks and sod and weeds to cover the old, the worn-out, the husks, shells, empty seedpods and sapless roots, clearing the field for the next crop. A ruthless, brutal process - but clean and beautiful.
~
We need wilderness because we are wild animals. Every man needs a place where he can go to go crazy in peace. Every Boy Scout deserves a forest to get lost, miserable, and starving in. Even the maddest murderer of the sweetest wife should get a chance for a run to the sanctuary of the hills. If only for the sport of it. For the terror, freedom, and delirium. Because we need brutality and raw adventure, because men and women first learned to love in, under, and all around trees, because we need for every pair of feet and legs about ten leagues of naked nature, crags to leap from, mountains to measure by, deserts to finally die in when the heart fails.
~
We are slaves in the sense that we depend for our daily survival upon an expand-or-expire agro-industrial empire—a crackpot machine—that the specialists cannot comprehend and the managers cannot manage. Which is, furthermore, devouring world resources at an exponential rate. We are, most of us, dependent employees.
…Edward Abbey (1927-1989)
~
It seems clear at last that our love for the natural world—Nature—is the only means by which we can requite God’s obvious love for it. …Edward Abbey (1927-1989)
~
"For there is a cloud on my horizon. A small dark cloud no bigger than my hand. Its name is Progress."
~
Under the desert sun, in the dogmatic clarity, the fables of theology and the myths of classical philosophy dissolve like mist. The air is clean, the rock cuts cruelly into flesh; shatter the rock and the odor of flint rises to your nostrils, bitter and sharp. Whirlwinds dance accross the salt flats, a pillar of dust by day; the thornbush breaks into flame at night. What does it mean? It means nothing. It is as it is and has no need for meaning. The desert lies beneath and soars beyond any possible human qualification. Therefore, sublime.
~
You do your needed work out of love, the love that dares not speak its name, the love of spareness, beauty, open space, clear skies, and flowing streams, grizzly bear and mountain lion, wolf pack and twelve-pack, of wilderness and wanderlust and primal human freedom and so forth.
~
A venturesome minority will always be eager to set off on their own, and no obstacles should be placed in their path; let them take risks, for godsake, let them get lost, sunburnt, stranded, drowned, eaten by bears, buried alive under avalanches - that is the right and privilege of any free American.
~
"Do not burn yourselves out. Be as I am-- a reluctant enthusiast...a part time crusader, a half-hearted fanatic. Save the other half of yourselves and your lives for pleasure and adventure. It is not enough to fight for the land; it is even more important to enjoy it. While you can. While it is still there. So go out there and hunt and fish and mess around with your friends, ramble out yonder and explore the forests, encounter the grizz, climb the mountains, and bag the peaks.... and I promise you this much: I promise you this one sweet victory over your enemies, over those deskbound people with their hearts in a safe deposit box... I promise you this: you will outlive the bastards."
~
"this book, though fictional in form, is based strictly on historical fact. everything in it is real or actually happened. and it all began just one year from today."
~
I once sat on a mesa above the Rio Grande for three days and nights, trying to have a vision. I got hungry and saw God in the form of a beef pie.
~
Transparent and intangible as sunlight, yet always and everywhere present, [the desert] lures a man on and on, from the red-walled canyons to the smoke-blue ranges beyond, in a futile but fascinating quest for the great, unimaginable treasure which the desert seems to promise. Once caught by this golden lure you become a prospector for life.
~
“I choose to listen to the river for a while, thinking river thoughts, before joining the night and the stars.”
~
The prevalence of flight-seeing tours in and around the Grand Canyon... should be tolerated by no one.
I look forward to the day when all river runners carry, as part of their standard equipment, a surface-to-air missile launcher armed with heat-seeking missiles.
~
"Parks are for people" is the public-relations slogan, which decoded means that the parks are for people-in-automobiles.
~
When the cities are gone...and all the ruckus has died away, when sunflowers push up through the concrete and asphalt of forgotten interstate freeways, when the Kremlin and the Pentagon are turned into nursing homes for generals, presidents and other such shitheads, when the glass-aluminum skyscraper tombs of Phoenix, Arizona barely show above the sand dunes, why then, why then, why then by God maybe freemen and wildwomen on horses, free women and wild men can roam the sagebrush canyonlands in freedom--goddamit! Herding the feral cattle into box canyons, and gorge on bloody meat and bleeding fucking internal organs, and dance all night to the music of fiddles! Banjos! Steel guitars! by the light of the reborn moon!--by God--Yes!
~
I am a redneck myself, born and bred on a submarginal farm in Appalachia, descended from an endless line of dark-complexioned, lug-eared, beetle-browed, insolent barbarian peasants, a line reaching back to the dark forests of central Europe and the alpine caves of my Neanderthal primogenitors.
~
the beauty and existence of the natural world should be sufficient justification in itself for saving it all. If this argument fails to interest the exploitative and cannot convince the indifferent, then we must appeal to deeper emotions
~
May the love I feel at this moment for columbine, girl, tree, symbol, grass, mountain, sky and sun also stay, also grow, never die.
~
They will complain of physical hardship, these sons of the pioneers. Not for long; once they rediscover the pleasure of actually operating their own limbs and senses in a varied, spontaneous, voluntary style, they will complain instead of crawling back into a car; they may even object to returning to desk and office and that dry wall box on Mossy Brook Circle. The fires of revolt may be kindled - which means hope for us all.
~
"Do not burn yourselves out. Be a reluctant enthussiast .. A part time crusader, a half hearted fantic. Save the other half of yourselves and your lives for pleasure and adventure. So get out thereand hunt and fish and mess around with your friends, ramble out yonder and explore the forests, climb the mountains bag the peaks run the rivers. Breathe deep of that yet sweet and lucid air, sit quietly for a while and contemplate the precious stillness, the lovely mysterious and awesome space. Enjoy yourselves keep your brain in your head and your head firmly attached to the body, the body active and alive and I promise you this much; I promise you this one sweet victory over our enemies, over those desk bound men and women with their hearts in safe deposit boxes, and their eyes hypnotised by desk calculators. I promise you this; You will out live the bastards!" Edward Abbey
~
"I stand for what I stand on"
~
No one knows precisely how sentient is a pinyon pine, for example, or to what degree such woody organisms can feel pain or fear, and in any case the road builders had more important things to worry about, but this much is clearly established as a scientific fact: a living tree, once uprooted, takes many days to wholly die.
~
We know this apodictic rock beneath our feet. That dogmatic sun above our heads. The world of dreams, the agony of love and the foresight of death. That is all we know. And all we need to know? Challenge that statement.
~
Surely the most ignoble of attitudes is that which sometimes makes us capable of suggesting to others that they sacrifice themselves-for our ideals.
~
THIS IS WHAT YOU SHALL DO: Love the earth and sun and the animals. Stand up for the stupid and crazy. Take off your hat to no man.
~
Why would it not be possible to create a sane, healthy, happy human society based on principles of common sense? on what we actually know, the simple truths of living experience, rather then on abstract doctrines of a life hereafter, or a life before, or on techno-utopia or the worship of power and domination? eh? Why not? Stranger things have take place.
~
The one thing both conservatives and liberals, left and right wingers, HATE, is a free-thinker, a nonconformist. From either side. Unless you subscribe in every detail to one doctrine or the other, you will be denounced. |
